Mawlamyine, town, southeastern Myanmar (Burma). It is an important port on the Gulf of Martaban near the mouth of the Salween River. Mawlamyine was the chief town of British Burma from the Treaty of Yandabo (1826) until the annexation of Pegu in 1852. Sheltered by Bilugyun Island, it is approached from the south and lies opposite Martaban at the confluence of the Gyaing and Ataran rivers. The low hills that flank the town on the east and west are dotted with ancient pagodas, including the Kyaikthanlan, renowned for its view, and Uzina, with life-sized figures representing the four events that influenced the Buddha to become a hermit. The city lies in an area that has a sizable Mon population.